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shorthead redhorse
The shorthead redhorse (''Moxostoma macrolepidotum'') is a wide-ranging species in North America that needs to be monitored throughout its range. The shorthead redhorse is native to central and eastern North America. However, its range has expanded to include areas like the Hudson estuary and Grayson County, Texas. It inhabits small to large rivers and lakes, and lives in the benthic zone. Shorthead redhorse feed on benthic invertebrates and can consume plant material from the benthic environment that it inhabits. When it spawns, shorthead redhorse move into more shallow streams and spawn over gravel or rocky shoals. They will also spawn in springs with swift moving water. The shorthead redhorse is important to humans because it is a game fish. It is also important to anglers because of its role in the ecosystem; it is prey for larger game fish such as northern pike and muskellunge. Humans are a huge factor affecting these fish. Dams can be a problem for the shorthead redhorse just as they are for bigger game fish such as trout and salmon. Dams that are built upstream make it impossible for shorthead redhorse to swim up to more shallow water to breed. Shorthead redhorse are intolerant to chemicals in the water, either from domestic sewage or from industrial waste like the insecticide chlordane. Other chemicals, such as those found in birth control, bioaccumulate in these fish as they do in others, leading to harmful health effects. Monitoring the life cycles of this species is an important strategy in tracking their populations. By doing long-term studies on population distribution and reproduction of the shorthead redhorse, it will be possible to trace the expanse of their range southward, and to know which specific chemicals harming them are not being adequately removed from wastewater.
==Geographic distribution==
Historically, the shorthead redhorse is native to North America. Its native range includes the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, Mississippi River, and Saint Lawrence River basins.〔Hammerson, G. 2006. Moxostoma macrolepidotum. NatureServe Explorer 06:01 http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Moxostoma%20macrolepidotum〕 They ranged across from Quebec to Alberta and as far south as northern Alabama and Oklahoma.〔Fuller, P. 2011. Moxostoma macrolepidotum. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=366〕 Shorthead redhorse also originally occupied the Atlantic Slope drainages, ranging from the Hudson River in New York to the Santee River in South Carolina.〔 When the Tennessee Valley Authority started building dams in the 1930s in an attempt to create power, the dams blocked different fish such as striped bass, from moving upstream to their spawning ranges. While some fish ranges have decreased since the construction of the dams, the shorthead redhorse’s range has expanded.〔 The shorthead redhorse is a “habitat generalist near the core of its range,” so it can tolerate disturbance better than other related redhorse species such as the river redhorse, M. carinatum.〔Reid, S.M., Wilson, C. C., Carl, L.M., and Zorn, T.G. 2008. Species traits influence the genetic consequences of river fragmentation on two co-occurring redhorse (Moxostoma) species. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 9:1892-1904.〕 Shorthead redhorse can now be found in the tidal zones of the Hudson River.〔 They are believed to have invaded the Hudson by way of the Mohawk River and have established themselves in the Hudson estuary.〔 Other areas they have been found in include the Embarras River system in Illinois and the Red River below Lake Texoma dam in Grayson County, Texas.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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